Whose landAragonese upland villages and their commons

Teruel uplands and the Maestrazgo (Iberian System)

SpainIberian System uplands: Albarracín, Gúdar–Javalambre and the Maestrazgo

Cold, water-short Iberian uplands where the Tagus, the Turia and tributaries of the Ebro rise, and 85 of 180 municipalities have fewer than a hundred people. The way in is a town hall's or a working farmer's invitation and a rented house first, then a long look at the water and the fire.

Land standing · qualitative, never scored

Small Aragonese upland villages and the commons that bind some of them. In the Sierra de Albarracín the historic Comunidad de Albarracín still exists, a recognised local entity whose 2007 statutes list 23 municipalities, whose mayors meet in a plega, and which holds forest montes in common with the city of Albarracín; the Comunidad de Aldeas de Teruel did not survive the 1830s abolition

Sources for this row (1)
TenureFreehold beside municipal, communal and Comunidad-held monte. On non-urban land one house needs a parcel of at least 10,000 square metres in a place where no cluster of homes forms (by default, two or more homes within 150 metres), so a new multi-household settlement is effectively closed; rehabilitating buildings in aldeas or deserted villages, even into several dwellings, can be authorised. Relatives hold a 30-day first claim on rustic land and buildings kept in the family for two generations (derecho de abolorio)
Sources for this row (2)
Arriving in good faithThrough a municipality or a working farmer, not a seller: town halls publish their own offers (Griegos posted free family housing and EUR 100 a month per school-age child in April 2025; its present status is for the town hall to confirm), and conditions are set programme by programme. The LEADER-funded Pueblos Vivos Aragón service advises only EU nationals and people with Spanish work and residence permits. Rent first
Sources for this row (1)
What it asksLearn the commons and permit rules before using a village's montes or pasture, and read each offer's own conditions, which differ from place to place. Not there: arriving with no invitation from a municipality or a working farmer, building a new multi-household settlement on non-urban land, or taking a scarce house that someone from the village is looking for
Sources for this row (1)

Where the answer is not here

  • Building a new multi-household settlement on non-urban land: a single home there needs a parcel of at least 10,000 square metres where no population nucleus can form, and two or more homes within 150 metres count as one.
  • Taking a scarce house in a village whose municipality names the lack of rural housing as its problem.

Basis: Decreto Legislativo 1/2014 (Aragón), arts. 34 and 35 (BOE consolidated text) (opens in a new tab); Eco de Teruel: Pueblos Vivos Aragón workshop on rural housing (opens in a new tab)

First conversations

Public bodies and protocols to read first. Pointers, not introductions.

Commons or shared-water body

Land-access or welcome programme

Network or association

  • Teruel Existe (opens in a new tab) Teruel Existe: the citizens' movement for the province of Teruel; its site has sections on depopulation, the Cortes de Aragón and the España Vaciada. checked 5 October 2026

These are pointers to public bodies. None of them has agreed to be contacted, and none is a person. Read first; ask how they want to be approached; never assume.

Further sources for this entry (10)
Source: Decreto Legislativo 1/2014, Ley de Urbanismo de Aragón, arts. 34-35; Estatutos de la Comunidad de Albarracín, BOA no. 31, 14 March 2007; Código del Derecho Foral de Aragón, arts. 588-598

Assembled from public sources and checked on 2026-10-05. No nation or community named here has reviewed this entry.

consent of the people of this place

Left blank. The tool cannot sign it; only the people of this place can.

How to arrive in Teruel uplands and the Maestrazgo (Iberian System)

Where arriving in a place would harm the community already there, the honest answer is not to go.

Every region in this tool is already someone’s home.

What living here asks of you

The Teruel uplands ask you to arrive by invitation, not by purchase. On non-urban land one house needs a parcel of at least 10,000 square metres in a place where no cluster of homes forms, so the way in is a municipality's own housing or work offer, rent first, or the rehabilitation of an old village house or deserted aldea, which the law lets you divide if its traditional shape is kept. Pueblos Vivos Aragón helps, but serves only EU nationals and people already holding Spanish work and residence permits, and gives no money. Rural housing is scarce enough, a network workshop says, to hold back local young people too. These are headwaters: the Tagus rises near Frías de Albarracín, and a Cuencas Mineras mayor wrote in September 2026 of a summer of fire and violent storm. Wind and solar projects are contested. Some forest montes of the Sierra de Albarracín belong to the Comunidad de Albarracín, a neighbour with its own rules.

Source: Decreto Legislativo 1/2014, Ley de Urbanismo de Aragón, arts. 34-35 (texto refundido, BOE consolidated) (opens in a new tab)

Place · around the reference point, 100 km

Iberian System uplands: Albarracín, Gúdar–Javalambre and the Maestrazgo

Where it sits
In the Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests, and partly the Iberian conifer forests.
Where the water goes
Headwaters of the Tajo, Turia, Júcar, Jiloca and Mijares. Drains to Mediterranean Sea (Ebro, Turia, Júcar) and Atlantic Ocean (Tajo). The region straddles a drainage divide.

Ecoregions: RESOLVE Ecoregions 2017 (CC BY 4.0), computed within 100 km of the region's reference point, not its footprint. Watershed named from the region dossier and checked against Natural Earth rivers.

A descriptive label written for this tool. The names of peoples and places belong under Whose land.

The way in · qualitative · not legal advice

What lawful entry involves, in order

Who may hold
Foreigners enjoy the same civil rights as Spaniards in Spain except where special laws or treaties say otherwise (Civil Code art. 27). The special regime is a set of restricted-access zones for foreign buyers: islands, Cartagena, the Strait of Gibraltar, the bay of Cadiz, the Portuguese and French frontier zones, Galicia and the Spanish territories in North Africa, with percentage caps. Annex II of the regulation, which delimits the peninsular zones, names no place in Teruel province. Proposals on non-EU buyers made in 2025-26 were not tracked. Real Decreto 689/1978 art. 32 and Annex II (BOE consolidated); Ley 8/1975 art. 4; Código Civil art. 27
How a group can hold
Sociedad cooperativa (Aragón)
First claim
  • Derecho de abolorio: relatives to the fourth degree by the line the property came down, with the descendants of the seller who hold property of the same origin, may take rustic land and buildings that have stayed in the family for two generations before the seller's, by tanteo (30 natural days from a notified intention to sell) and failing that by retracto after a sale. It outranks every other pre-emption right except that of co-owners and public bodies (Decreto Legislativo 1/2011 arts. 588-590, 594 and 598).
  • Vacant immovables in Aragón belong by law to the Autonomous Community (Decreto Legislativo 1/2011 art. 598 bis, added by Ley 6/2021).
Direction
No pending amendment to the Aragonese urban planning law was found in the sources opened: the consolidated text of Decreto Legislativo 1/2014 was last updated on 31 December 2024. Separately, national law removed the investor visa for real-estate purchase in January 2025. Spanish proposals on non-EU buyers made in 2025-26 were not tracked.stable · as of 2026
  1. Start with a municipality's own offer and the territorial services, not with a parcel. Pueblos Vivos Aragón gives guidance and accompaniment on housing, work and settling in 11 Aragonese rural comarcas, among them Montañas de Teruel and Sierra de Albarracín, but no financial aid, and it can serve only EU nationals and people with a Spanish work and residence permit. The Serranía Celtibérica repopulation board lists offers: in April 2025 Griegos (Teruel) listed free housing for families that move there and 100 euros a month per school-age child; whether it still stands is for the town hall to confirm.
    Who decides: Pueblos Vivos Aragón; A.D. Serranía Celtibérica (Bolsa de Repoblación); the town hall (ayuntamiento)Pueblos Vivos Aragón, Cómo te podemos ayudar; A.D. Serranía Celtibérica, Bolsa de Repoblación
  2. Before any offer on rustic land or a building, ask whether the property has stayed in one family for two generations: if so a relative of the seller within the fourth degree can take it by tanteo within 30 natural days or by retracto after a sale, and has priority over other pre-emption holders except co-owners and public bodies.
    Who decides: The seller's notary; the registry; the family of the sellerDuration: Tanteo: 30 natural days from the notification; the notification lapses if the sale does not take place within a year Decreto Legislativo 1/2011 art. 594Decreto Legislativo 1/2011, Código del Derecho Foral de Aragón, arts. 588-598
  3. Ask the town hall how the parcel or building is classified and what the municipal plan allows: whether it is generic non-urban land, a núcleo or aldea, or a deserted village, whether a house is possible at all under the 150 metre nucleus test, and whether rehabilitating an old building by special authorisation is open.
    Who decides: Ayuntamiento (urban planning office)Decreto Legislativo 1/2014 arts. 34.2 and 35.1.c
  4. For farmland, consider a lease before a purchase: an Aragonese farm lease under the national rural-leases law has a minimum duration of five years, and any shorter term in the contract is void.
    Who decides: The landownerDuration: Minimum duration five years; a shorter stipulated term is void Ley 49/2003 art. 12(1)Ley 49/2003 de Arrendamientos Rústicos, art. 12
  5. If the land is a monte, a pasture or part of a historic community (the Comunidad de Albarracín, mancomunidades forestales, comunidades de tierras, pastos y aguas), find out which statutes govern it: such bodies continue under their own statutes, pacts and customary rules, and montes comunales and montes vecinales en mano común are a separate category in the forestry law.
    Who decides: The community or mancomunidad; the town hall; the Gobierno de Aragón forestry serviceLey 7/1999 de Administración Local de Aragón art. 95; Decreto Legislativo 1/2017, Ley de Montes de Aragón
  6. Choose the holding body for a group before the purchase deed, for example a co-operative under the Aragonese co-operatives law.
    Who decides: The founding groupDecreto Legislativo 2/2014, Ley de Cooperativas de Aragón
What the law rules out
  • A new isolated house is not allowed where a population nucleus can form (two or more residential buildings within a 150 metre radius, by default), and where one is allowed the default limit is one building per parcel of at most 300 square metres built on at least 10,000 square metres tied to it, so a new multi-household settlement on generic non-urban land is not a route (Decreto Legislativo 1/2014 art. 34.2).
  • Pueblos Vivos Aragón does not give financial aid and has no staff or information for immigration paperwork or arrival from abroad (its own page).
  • Historic communities and mancomunidades are run under their own statutes and customary rules (Ley 7/1999 art. 95), so a pasture or monte in their area is not simply a parcel on an open market.
Honest gaps
  • No municipal plan was read: which of the municipalities in the footprint allow an isolated house, and how each defines núcleo and aldea, is unknown.
  • Whether a Teruel municipality still offers what the Bolsa de Repoblación page listed (Griegos, April 2025) was not checked; the page also carries private messages with personal contact details, none of which is used, and it lists offers outside Teruel province.
  • Rural-tenure sources for the footprint stop at the regional statutes (family pre-emption, montes, local-entity law): the commons rules of the Comunidad de Albarracín and of individual montes were not read.
  • National farm-neighbour and tenant pre-emption (Ley 19/1995 and Ley 49/2003) was not checked; the Aragonese code opened contains no neighbour pre-emption.
  • The Tramacastilla rental-home figures and the Diputación funding reported in the pre-selection brief were not opened and are not used.
  • Spanish 2025-26 proposals on non-EU buyers and any later change to Real Decreto 689/1978 were not tracked beyond the BOE consolidated page.
None is shown.

Context, not adviceOrientation from public sources, not legal advice. Check current law with a local professional before acting. Sources: Real Decreto 689/1978 art. 32 and Annex II (BOE consolidated); Ley 8/1975 art. 4; Código Civil art. 27, Ley Orgánica 1/2025, de 2 de enero, disposición final vigesimoprimera (BOE), Decreto Legislativo 1/2014, Ley de Urbanismo de Aragón, arts. 34.2 and 35.1.c (BOE consolidated, last update 31/12/2024), Decreto Legislativo 2/2014, texto refundido de la Ley de Cooperativas de Aragón, arts. 1 and 2 (BOE), Pueblos Vivos Aragón, Cómo te podemos ayudar; A.D. Serranía Celtibérica, Bolsa de Repoblación, Decreto Legislativo 1/2011, Código del Derecho Foral de Aragón, arts. 588-598, Decreto Legislativo 1/2011 art. 594, Decreto Legislativo 1/2014 arts. 34.2 and 35.1.c, Ley 49/2003 de Arrendamientos Rústicos, art. 12, Ley 49/2003 art. 12(1), Ley 7/1999 de Administración Local de Aragón art. 95; Decreto Legislativo 1/2017, Ley de Montes de Aragón, Decreto Legislativo 2/2014, Ley de Cooperativas de Aragón. Verified 5 October 2026 · confidence in this entry: medium.

Climate and water context

Climate class (Köppen-Geiger)

1961–1990Cfb, Temperate, no dry season, warm summerShare of the footprint: Cfb 90%, Dfb 5.7%, Cfa 1.7%, Csb 1.2%, BSk 1.1%, Dsb 0.3%
1991–2020Cfb, Temperate, no dry season, warm summerShare of the footprint: Cfb 68.2%, Cfa 21.2%, BSk 5.4%, Csb 2.8%, Dfb 2%, Dsb 0.3%, Csa 0.1%
2041–2070 SSP2-4.5 · projectionCfa, Temperate, no dry season, hot summerShare of the footprint: Cfa 58.8%, BSk 23.1%, Cfb 14.6%, Csb 2%, Csa 1.4%, Dfb 0.1%
2071–2099 SSP2-4.5 · projectionCfa, Temperate, no dry season, hot summerShare of the footprint: Cfa 54.2%, BSk 34.7%, Cfb 6.4%, Csa 4.2%, Csb 0.5%

Shares are the fraction of the footprint land area in each class at 1 km; sea and no-data cells are excluded.

Source: Beck et al. 2023, Köppen-Geiger maps at 1 km · CC BY 4.0

Water (WRI Aqueduct classes, as published)

Water stress, baselineMedium - High (20-40%)Demand to supply ratio 0.646
Water stress, 2050 business as usual · projectionExtremely High (>80%)Demand to supply ratio 1.358
Drought riskMedium - High (0.6-0.8)
Interannual variabilityLow - Medium (0.25-0.50)
Seasonal variabilityLow - Medium (0.33-0.66)
Groundwater table trendInsignificant Trend
Riverine flood riskLow - Medium (1 in 1,000 to 2 in 1,000)

WRI Aqueduct 4.0 indicators in WRI's own classes; this project does not combine or rescale them.

Source: WRI Aqueduct 4.0 · CC BY 4.0

Where legal and cost questions come first

These are the questions a community has to be able to answer in a place: who may hold the land, how a group can hold it together, and what it costs. Read them as context for a conversation with the people already there, not as a verdict on the place.

Legal and ownership

Foreign ownership
allowed The defence-zone limits on foreign buyers (Ley 8/1975, RD 689/1978 art. 32 and Annex II) name no place in Teruel province, and no other nationality-based bar on buying rustic or urban land was found in the texts read. Those limits are framed for buyers from outside the EU and cover islands, Cartagena, the Strait, the bay of Cadiz, the Portuguese and French frontier zones, Galicia and North Africa. 2025-26 national proposals on non-EU buyers were NOT verified. Newcomer-support programmes are narrower than the law: Pueblos Vivos Aragon serves EU nationals and people with Spanish work and residence permits.
Collective ownership path
Sociedad cooperativa (DL 2/2014, Ley de Cooperativas de Aragon), SAT or asociacion; rehabilitating a building in an aldea or deserted village is the planning route that allows division into several dwellings (DL 1/2014 art. 35.1.c)
Several households on one holding
with conditions
Residency needed to buy
no residency required
Where building is decided
Municipal licence under DL 1/2014 (Ley de Urbanismo de Aragon) and the municipal plan: on generic non-urban land one isolated house is allowed only where no population nucleus can form (by default, two or more residential buildings within a 150 m radius of the building's centre), with one building per parcel of at most 300 m2 built and a parcel of at least 10,000 m2 tied to it (art. 34.2); rehabilitation in aldeas, barrios or deserted villages by special authorisation may change use and divide into several dwellings (art. 35.1.c); the plan may be stricter
First-claim holders
Relatives to the fourth degree by line of origin, on rustic land and buildings held in the family for two generations (derecho de abolorio: 30-day tanteo, 90-day retracto, expires two years after sale); Co-owners (comuneros) and public bodies, whose pre-emption the abolorio does not override (DL 1/2011 art. 598)
Key restriction
A new multi-household settlement on non-urban land is effectively closed by the 150 m nucleus test and the one-house-per-parcel rule; the open doors are a municipality's own housing, a rented house, or rehabilitation of an old village building. Houses of unknown ownership and a rural housing shortage are reported locally (Eco de Teruel, 30 Sep 2026); ownerless (vacant) buildings in Aragon pass by law to the regional government (DL 1/2011 art. 598 bis, added by Ley 6/2021).
Legal direction
stable DL 1/2014 read as BOE consolidated text updated 2025-02-12; no pending amendment was found in the sources opened. Spain's 2025-26 debates on non-EU buyers (tax proposal, end of the golden visa) were NOT verified here.

Source: Decreto Legislativo 1/2014, Ley de Urbanismo de Aragon, arts. 34-35; DL 1/2011, Codigo del Derecho Foral de Aragon, arts. 588-598 bis; RD 689/1978 art. 32 (opens in a new tab) · medium confidence

Known gaps. Annex II of RD 689/1978 was read in the 2026-10 re-verification and names no Teruel place. Municipal plans of the 180 municipalities not read. National agrarian pre-emption for neighbouring plots and tenants (Ley 19/1995, Ley 49/2003) not checked; DL 1/2011 has no neighbour pre-emption. Comunidad de Albarracin rules for its montes (hunting, mushrooms) not read. 'stable' means no pending amendment was found in the sources opened; 2025-26 proposals on non-EU buyers were not tracked.

Land cost

Price
1,508–12,682 EUR per hectare (2024)
Price band
5,000 to 10,000 EUR-equivalent per hectare
Price trajectory
rising Aragon mean 4,369 EUR/ha (2020) to 5,175 (2024): +18.5% (index 118.5) against Spain +13.8% (index 113.8); Aragon 2023-24 +3.4%. No Teruel-only series in the table opened.
Detail
Teruel PROVINCE 2024 definitive (February 2026 release) MAPA class means: pastizal 1,508 EUR/ha (266,767 ha weight); tierra arable secano 2,692 (342,033 ha); frutos secos secano 3,035; olivar secano 2,920; arable regadio 7,592; olivar regadio 8,090; frutos secos regadio 7,300; frutal carnoso regadio 12,682. Area-weighted mean 2,523 EUR/ha (derived here from MAPA tables 20 and 21, base-2020 weights; MAPA does not print it). Aragon mean 5,175 EUR/ha; Spain 10,248 EUR/ha. Province-level, includes the Ebro-side lowland comarcas that are outside the footprint; no comarca-level series opened. Rural houses are not priced here.

Source: MAPA, Precios medios anuales de las tierras de uso agrario 2024 (definitive), tables 1, 20, 21 (opens in a new tab) · medium confidence

Known gaps. Comarca agraria prices were not opened and the weighted mean is derived. Much of the footprint's land is held by villagers, municipalities and the Comunidad, and entry is by invitation rather than by purchase. The stored range spans several land classes (the high end is 8 times the low end), so the band is a rough bucket of its middle.

Practical fit

Hospital access

Nearest hospital
18.39 km Hospital San Jose, straight line from the region centre
Hospitals within 50 km
4
Hospitals within 100 km
15
60-minute proxy
within 60 minutes a straight-line proxy, not a road time

Geodesic km from region centroid to nearest OSM hospital, not a 60-minute road-network isochrone. The centroid may fall on a regional hub city (Oaxaca City, Santiago, Bolzano, Taos, Evora) rather than a target rural settlement site, so a low number can reflect centroid placement more than real rural-settlement access. V2 to refine via road-time isochrones.

Demographics

Population trend
declining Footprint 86,954 (2011) to 83,172 (1 Jan 2025): -4.3%; outside Teruel city 51,666 to 46,517: -10.0%. Since the 2021 Padron the total is +2.0% (81,539 to 83,172); 90 of 180 municipalities grew 2021-25 (85 declined, 5 unchanged), and 37 grew over 2011-25 (140 declined, 3 unchanged). Maestrazgo -15.9% since 2011 and -3.9% since 2021; Cuencas Mineras -13.8%. INE Padron cifras oficiales, table 2899.
Median age
aging Mean age 46.7 and 24.6% aged 65 or more (population-weighted over the six comarcas, IAEST fichas, INE annual census 1 Jan 2025): Maestrazgo 50.3 / 30.4%, Sierra de Albarracin 50.6 / 28.6%, Gudar-Javalambre 45.6 / 22.5%. Median age itself not published at this level.
Migration
mixed Foreign-national share 13.1% (weighted; Jiloca 17.6%, Gudar-Javalambre 16.3%, Albarracin 9.3%, IAEST 2025); the post-2021 gain is small and uneven; 85 of 180 municipalities are under 100 inhabitants.
Rural density
very low density 7.5 p/km2 over 11,090 km2 (INE 2025), 4.4 outside Teruel city; median municipality 110 inhabitants; 158 of 180 under 500.

Source: INE Padron (table 2899), IAEST Estadistica Local fichas for the six comarcas (opens in a new tab) · high confidence

Known gaps. Median age not published; INE 2021 base partly reflects the 2021 census revision.

Field reality, water and soil

Water source control

Rights regime
Spanish state public hydraulic domain (Ley de Aguas, RDL 1/2001): concessions and aquifer controls by the confederations of the Ebro, the Jucar and the Tajo; users of one intake must form a comunidad de usuarios (art. 81)
Rights holder
mixed
Single-entity control
moderate Control sits with three basin authorities, not a private owner; the risk is scarcity, not concentration: Aqueduct puts 99% of the footprint in the extremely high class for 2050. Under the Ley de Aguas the basin plan sets the order of use and a concession can be expropriated for a preferred use (art. 60), groundwater bodies at risk of not reaching good status can be declared, with a recovery programme and a users' community (art. 56), and the Government can impose measures in extraordinary drought (art. 58). The 2022-2027 plans for the Jucar, Tajo and Ebro were approved by RD 35/2023.
When water is short
Basin-plan order of preference (supply to population first, absent a plan: art. 60.2) administered by each confederation; extraordinary drought decrees (art. 58)

Source: Ley de Aguas (RDL 1/2001) arts. 56, 58, 60, 81; RD 35/2023 (opens in a new tab) · medium confidence

Known gaps. Confederation (CHE, CHJ, CHT) pages and municipal supply arrangements not opened; irrigation communities in the footprint not listed; the Tagus source near Frias de Albarracin is from standing-notes sources (Pueblos Vivos, es.wikipedia), not a hydrographic authority.

Soil contamination

Known contamination
legacy mining Cuencas Mineras (30 municipalities) is a lignite mining comarca from the early 20th century; the last mine closed in 2003 (es.wikipedia). No site-level contamination data were opened. Nitrate pressure from pig farming in the Jiloca and Comunidad de Teruel was not checked.
Contamination register
not read
Due-diligence burden
not read
Regulatory regime
Ley 7/2022 title VIII (state): activities potentially contaminating the soil, declaration procedure and autonomous inventories; RD 9/2005 criteria and standards

Source: Ley 7/2022 (BOE consolidated); RD 9/2005; es.wikipedia Cuencas Mineras (Teruel) (opens in a new tab) · low confidence

Known gaps. Aragon's own inventory or register of declared contaminated soils was not located (aragon.es page 404); no Cuencas Mineras remediation records; nitrate vulnerable-zone designation for Teruel not checked.

Climate buffering, state and trajectory

Buffering features (state)

Primary features
altitude
Altitude range
643-1,695 m (municipal seats); sampled terrain 677-1,936 m
Buffering strength
moderate
Detail
Mean temperature in the footprint is about 10.3 C (1970-2000) against warmer lowlands within 120-150 km (Zaragoza, Valencia); the 640-1,700 m relief gives cold winters and cooler summers than the Ebro valley and the coast. Altitude is the only buffer named here: the interior has no sea or lake influence, and it swings between cold winters and hot dry summers.

Trajectory under warming

Direction
buffering falling Footprint mean 10.3 C (1970-2000) to 12.7 C (2041-2060, SSP2-4.5, 17 GCMs; range 11.9-13.7); the marker cell goes from 11.1 to 13.6 C. The altitude margin against the hot Ebro and Valencian lowlands persists but erodes, and water and fire are the binding limits, not heat.
Primary vulnerability
drought and wildfire on a water-short, warming upland (WorldClim +2.5 C by 2041-2060 on 1970-2000; Aqueduct 2050 extremely high; Aliaga fire 2009: 7,301 ha)

Source: WorldClim 2.1 (1970-2000) and CMIP6 SSP2-4.5 2041-2060, computed 2026-10-04; WRI Aqueduct 4.0; Hansen GFC v1.11 (opens in a new tab) · medium confidence

Known gaps. AEMET and AdapteCCa regional scenarios not opened; no frost-day or heat-day indices; altitude as the only named buffering feature (no coast, lake or large forest-canopy claim verified).